Lower Level English Grammar Quiz

Essay on The US Should Learn from the Finns - 1308 Words

American education has been in decline since 1970’s and into the Post-Cold War era in comparison to other OECD nations (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Since then, the U.S. has chosen to standardize two major factors in American education: what gets taught, and how kids get assessed (Townsend, 2013). Scores from PISA (Program for International Student Assessment), a test that compares educational levels across nations found that, out of 34 countries the U.S. ranked 14th in reading, 17th in science and 25th in math, far behind the highest scoring countries like Finland (USAToday, 2010). It would be difficult to pinpoint any one issue as the sole problem with American education, because the educational system does†¦show more content†¦Researchers estimate that gains made by students in those 11 countries equate to about two years of learning in American education. As a solution, the federal government has made hefty financial commitments to educa tion in recent years, including the implementation of No Child Left Behind and the subsequent waivers from the standards-based law as well as the influx of about $89 billion in stimulus dollars to prevent teacher layoffs, keep class sizes down and avoid program cuts. Although dumping money into the system is far from a reasonable solution. The United States spends more per student, on average, than other countries. In the 2009 PISA study, only Luxembourg spent more per student. The report notes that countries like Estonia and Poland perform at about the same level as the United States, while spending less than half the amount per student (USAToday, 2010). 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Accounting for Managers Wesfarmers Limited

Question: Discuss about the Accounting for Managers Wesfarmers Limited. Answer: Introduction The report describes about the assumptions, and judgments that need to be made in preparing the financial statements for the company. These assumptions and judgments differ from company to company, hence for better understanding to the topic, report describes about the impact of these judgments on the financial performances of the company (Saccer, Malis Pavic, 2016). Besides this, the report does ratio analysis for wesfarmers limited which is an Australian company, founded in 1914. The report after ratio analysis does a critical analysis over the company ratios. At last the, the impact of ratio analysis on the company shareholders has been described. The Key areas of accounting judgment The financial statements in a company are prepared according to the rules and regulations formed by (IFRS) International financial reporting standards. The company must also follow the rules and regulations formed by (IASB) International accounting standard board (KPMG, 2017). According to the board, the management of the company is required to make some assumptions and estimates. The compliance of accounting policies in the financial statements required some assumptions and judgments. These assumptions make the understanding of financial statements complex (Chea, 2011). Every companys management has different assumptions and judgments in regard to compliance with the accounting policies. These judgments and assumptions are variable in nature that is, it changes according to the changes in market condition or change in organizational structure. Management has to take care while forming a judgment that is judgment should be formed while considering the uncertainties, and future plans of organization (Deloitte, 2017). After forming appropriate judgments and estimations, the management needs to mention these judgments in footnotes of the companys financial statements. The judgments formed by the financial managements of the company affect the net amount that would be recorded in the financial statements. The report discusses about the various aspects where various assumptions and judgments can be applied (Deloitte, 2010). These are as follows: Recognition to assets Assets are to be recognized at book value. This means that the changes in market value or face value have to be ignored. However the changes in the valuation of assets and liabilities would be considered while valuing the goodwill (International federation of accountants, 2011). Recording of transactions Only those transactions are disclosed which can martially affect the decisions of investor. This is done for better understanding the working of organization and to reduce complexity, as more transactions and dealings if mentioned can lead to confusion in the minds of the consumer (John Wiley Sons, 2006). Recognition to revenue and expenses In accounting policies, revenue and expenses are recognized on accrual basis. That is, as the revenue or expense is due it has to be recorded in the financial statements, no matter whether the payment has been received or paid or not (Essentials performance objectives). Recognition of uncertainties To recognize the uncertainties, management need to make provisions for example provision for doubtful debts, provision for taxation etc. the amount to these provision is from profit for the year, hence increase in the provisions will reduce the profit of the entity (EC staff, 2011). Impact of judgments on reported financial performance and position The use of judgments and estimation effects the presentation of financial statements. The use of judgements leads to changes in valuation of tangible and intangible assets in financial statements. The financial statement helps the management in quantifying the impact of judgments on overall performances of financial and operational management. The effect of judgment in assets and liability structure of the financial statements can be in terms of rate of depreciation applied, life of the asset or license, scrap value of fixed assets, value to be shown in the financial statements, of the fixed assets installed in the organization. However implications of judgements in the financial statements have not made any affect in valuation of current assets and current liabilities (Deloitte, 2009). Company background Wesfarmers is a public company diversified into chemicals, coal mining, fisheries, and industrial and safety products. The company is founded in 1914, headquartered in Perth, Western Australia. The chairman of the company is Michael Chaney, and CEO is Richard Goyder. The company targets consumers of Australia, Bangladesh, Ireland, New Zealand, and United Kingdom. The main competitors of Wesfarmers limited are: Best Less, Myer, Woolworths and hs home (Wesfarmers). Key operating areas The company deals in diversified range of products. Company involves in liquor, supermarkets, convenience stores, hotels, office supplies, home improvement, and departmental stores. The company is also involved in providing industry products such as fertilizers, chemicals, energy and safety products. It is one of the largest companies in Australia having more than 2, 20,000 employees and a shareholder base of more than 5, 30,000 (Keith, 2012). Internal and external factors impacting or likely to impact the company performances Internal factors Internal factors are those which affect the company internally. These are the factors that can be controlled by the management itself. Internal factors in a company can be said as: strength, weakness, competitive advantage, employees, technology, machinery, human resource, and marketing plans. However there are many internal plans that can impact the performance of the company. In case of wesfarmers limited some of the internal factors which can make some impact in the performance are discussed as below: Segment: the market of the company is segmented in grocery shoppers, home, office and industry supplies. Target: the company targets those consumers which seek variety, convenience, services and discounts. Wesfarmers limited majorly targets the consumers of Australia, Ireland, Bangladesh, United Kingdom and New Zealand. Positioning: the company has positioned itself as dealing in various kinds of products and industries. Strength: the strength of the company is that it has been established long before that is in 1914. That helps the company in increasing the brand strategy. The company is highly focused on increasing the quality and performances of the products and services provided by it. The sales of the company are done mostly on online basis. The company has a large employee staff that is more than 2, 20,000. Weakness: although the company has a good brand image in the mind of shareholders but still, the company lacks in maintaining or increasing the confidence of shareholders towards the company. The major weakness of the company is in technological aspect. In the competitive world, the company lacks in developing the technological aspects (Pahl Richter, 2009). External factors The external factors are those, which are out of the control from company. This means that company cannot eliminate these completely. However the company can reduce the impact of these factors on the performances. In the given case study of wesfarmers limited the external factors which can affect the company performances are as: opportunity, threats, political and legal factors, social and cultural factors, technological factors (Kazmi, 2008). Opportunity: wesfarmers limited has an opportunity can change its product and services range in order to meet the changing requirements of consumers. The company is in a better position to make improvement in business performances. This will help the company in managing the level of competition. The business can improve its core competency to reduce the impact of external factors. The wesfarmers has an opportunity to increase the business and size of the activities and improve facilities. This will help the company in increasing its scope of business and would help the company in targeting consumers of other country. Threats: the company faces a lot of competition from its competitors; this affects the business development plans of the company. It has been observed by the company operations that the competitors of the company follow aggressive strategy towards wesfarmers. The competitor of the company produces similar kind of products and services as of wesfarmers limited. Political and legal factors: as the company targets consumers of various regions, hence it is the key responsibility of the company to follow the foreign import policies. Due to various target markets, the company faces a lot of international pressure, due to which the company has to comply with various regulatory bodies and government policies. Economic factors: due to large target markets targeted by the company, wesfarmers limited faces risk of changes in economic cycle of other country. Besides this, the company faces risk of competition from rivalry in other nations. Hence to reduce the impact of economic factors, the company must improve its outbound logistics that is supply chain management by employing a good staff of supplier and distributors (Richter, 2012). Social: wesfarmers limited company faces a risk of social factors, in terms of change in consumer fashion, trends and tastes. Therefore due to economic factors as faced by the company, it faces risk of brand and company image in the minds of consumer. Technological factors: wesfarmers limited is highly involved in online selling, but it lacks in competing with its competitors in terms of meeting technological factors. This impacts the sales and brand image of the company in minds of consumers, which overall impacts the market share of the company (Rao, Rao, Sivaramaakrishna, 2009). Ratio analysis Ratios are calculated from the items mentioned in income statement and balance sheet of the company. It enables the comparison from one company to another in terms of financial data. Ratio analysis describes about the company performance and helps in doing comparison with industry or other competitor. There are wide ratios to facilitate the comparison of the company either from itself or from other rivalry competitor. The given report discusses about the liquidity ratio, efficiency ratio, profitability ratio, coverage ratio and market share ratio (Business, 2016). Liquidity ratio Liquidity ratio depicts the relationship of short term assets and short term liabilities. It tells the company that whether it would be able to meet the short term liabilities from its short term assets. The liquidity ratio consists of current ratio and quick ratio (Tracy, 2012). Efficiency ratio It is also called as asset turnover ratio. Efficiency ratio describes about the efficiency of management to generate sales from its assets, inventory. This ratio is used by management to identify inefficiency; it is also used by creditors to get ensure about the liquidity of the company. In efficiency ratio, the report has done an analysis over inventory turnover ratio, days sales in inventory, accounts receivable turnover, days sales outstanding, total assets turnover and fixed assets turnover (Bragg, 2012). Leverage ratio It depicts the company ability to pay of fixed payment from the company earnings and equity. It describes about the long term solvency of the company. In case of leverage ratio, total debt ratio, debt to equity ratio, equity multiplier, times interest earned, cash coverage has been analyzed (Friedlob Welton, 2008). Profitability ratio Profitability ratio defines the relationship between the sales of the company and its profits. It depicts the percentage of profits that is arrived from sales. In profitability ratio, the report does a critical evaluation over operating profit margin, profit margin, and return on assets (ROA), Return on equity (ROE), and ROA (Du Point) (Gibson, 2009). Market value performance This is the main ratio that needs to be analyzed by the shareholders before investing in any company. This ratio depicts the earning of the company in terms of assets equipped in the company. It also defines the relationship between the market value and book value of the company. The report describes about market value performance, earning per share, price earnings ratio and market to book ratio (Nuhu, 2014). Following is a tabular presentation of ratio analysis of wesfarmers limited. Wesfarmers limited Particulars Amount (m$) 2015 2016 current assets 9093 9684 current liabilities 9726 10424 inventory 5497 6260 average inventory 5878.5 quick assets 3596 3424 net sales 62447 65981 account recievable 2269 2463 Average receivables 1134.5 total assets 40402 40783 fixed assets 31309 31099 total debts 17834 15621 total equity 24781 22949 EBIT 3759 1346 Depreciation 1219 1296 Interest expense 315 308 EAT 2240 407 Shares outstanding 21844 21937 Market price per share 41.31 39.92 Earnings price per share 216.1 36.2 Book value per share 22.05 23 Ratio abalysis Liquidity ratio Current ratio 0.934916718 0.929009977 Quick ratio 0.369730619 0.328472755 Efficiency ratio Inventory turnover 10.62294803 Days sales in inventory 34.35957692 Accounts receivable turnover 55.04363156 Days sales outstanding 6.631103175 Total Asset turnover 1.545641305 1.617855479 Fixed asset turnover 1.994538312 65981 Leverage ratio Total debt ratio 0.441413791 0.383027242 Debt to equity ratio 0.719664259 0.680683254 Equity multiplier 1.263427626 1.777114471 Times interest earned 11.93333333 4.37012987 Cash coverage 15.8031746 8.577922078 Profitability ratios Operating profit margin 6.01950454 2.039981207 Profit margin 3.587041811 0.616844243 Return on assets (ROA) 0.0554428 0.009979648 Return on Equity (ROE) 9.039183245 1.773497756 ROA (DuPont) 0.0554428 0.009979648 Market value performance Earnings per share 0.102545321 0.018553129 Price earnings ratio 0.191161499 1.102762431 Market to book ratio 1.873469388 1.735652174 (Wesfarmers, 2016). Comment on key areas related to business performance The company has increase in liquidity ratio, which means that company is improving over its liquidity. In case of inventory receivables in days company takes 34 days to convert its inventory into sales. While in case of account receivable in days, company takes only 6 days to covert its receivables into cash. This shows the efficiency of management. Here in calculation of account receivables and inventory ratio, the number of days in a year is assumed as 365 days for better understanding to the ratio. In case of leverage ratio, the debt has been increase in 2016 in comparison to 2015. This has created some risk to equity shareholders. Hence company should take some measures to ensure the shareholders in terms of risk and payment of dividend. Total asset multiplier depicts the assets of the company in terms of number of shares held. In 2016, equity multiplier ratio has been decreased due to fall in equity in 2016 by 0.42%. Times interest expenses shows the amount of EBIT that is earni ng before interest and tax on interest expenses. The company has increase time interest earned in 2016, by 63%. This was due to increase in earnings before interest and taxes by 64% in 2016. The company has increased its cash coverage ratio by 9% in 2016. The operating profits and net profit margin has reduced in comparison to 2015. This is due to decrease in the net sales. In calculation of profit margin, EAT means earning after tax. Return on assets defines the amount of profits earned due to assets, while return on equity defines the relationship between the earning available to equity shareholders and number of shareholders in the company. In the given case of wesfarmers, the company has increased its return on assets and return on equity due to increase in profits. Du point analysis defines the relationship between the profits and total assets of the company. Wesfarmers has increased its du point ratio due to increase in the earnings in 2016. In case of market value performance s, the earning per share has been increase by 81% in 2016, this is due to increase in earning of the company and decrease in the shareholding of the company. Due to increase in the earnings per share in 2016, the price earnings ratio has been declined in 2016. There are not much variation in market to book value ratio in 2016 as compare to 2015, due to not much variation in market value and book value of the shares (Dalabeeh, 2013). Analysis for shareholders to whether increase or reduce the investment in the company By analyzing the company ratio analysis, it can be said that the company has a good position in the market. It has a good liquidity position. Besides this the company has sufficient profits to provide dividend to the shareholders and pay off the interest expenses on long term debts. Hence it is advisable for investors to increase the shareholding wesfarmers limited (Adedeji, 2014). Conclusion It has been assumed by the unsophisticated readers that the data mentioned in the financial statements is purely on objective basis. The elements in financial statements involve little elements of judgment. Judgments can differ from company to company; hence it is the responsibility of the financial management of the company to disclose all the judgments in financial statements of the company. According to the ratio analysis, it has been analyzed that company has good command over liquidity has efficiency in getting converted its inventory and receivables into cash. This lays a positive impact in the mind of investors. Besides this the company profits are increased by a large percentage, which builds confidence in the minds of shareholders of the company. References Adedeji, E, A,. (2014) A tool for measuring organization performance using ratio analysis, Research journal of finance and accounting, 5 (19), pp (16-22) Bragg,S,M.(2012) Business ratios and formulas: A comprehensive guide, John Wiley Sons, New Jersy Business. ( 2016) Analyze your finances: Financial Ratios. Retrieved from https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/finance-and-accounting/finance/analyse-your-finances-financial-ratios Chea, A, C,. (2011) Fair value accounting: Its impact on financial reporting and how it can be enhanced to provide more clarity and reliability of information for users of financial statements, International Journal of business and social science, 2(20) pp (12-19) Dalabeeh, A, R,. (2013) The role of financial analysis ratio in evaluating performance (Case study: National chlorine industry), Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 5(2), pp (13-28) Deloitte,. (2009) Quality of financial position. Retrieved on 3rd March, 2017 from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/in/Documents/risk/Corporate%20Governance/Audit%20Committee/in-gc-guality-of-financial-position-the-balance-sheet-and-beyond-noexp.pdf Deloitte,. (2010) What are the judgments? Retrieved on 3rd March, 2017 from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/nz/Documents/audit/Financial-Reporting-Survey/nz_en_FinancialReportingSurvey_Seriesissue4_062010.pdf Deloitte,. (2017) IAS 1- Presentation of Financial statements. Retrieved on 4th March, 2017 from https://www.iasplus.com/en-gb/standards/ias/ias1 EC staff,. (2011) International accounting standard 1 presentation of financial statements. Retrieved on 3rd March, 2017 from https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/accounting/docs/consolidated/ias1_en.pdf Essentials performance objectives,. (n.d.) 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Retrieved on 4th March, 2017 from https://localejournal.org/issues/n2/Locale%20n2%20-%2007%20-%20Keith.pdf KPMG,. (2017) Getting accounting judgments estimates right. Retrieved on 3rd March, 2017 from https://boardleadership.kpmg.us/relevant-topics/articles/2014/10/getting-accounting-judgments-and-estimates-right.html Nuhu, M,. (2014) Role of ratio analysis in business decisions: A case study NBC Maiduguri plant, Journal of educatioanal and social research, 4(5), pp (105-118) Pahl,N Richter,A,. (2009) Swot analysis-idea, methodology and a practical approach. GRIN verlag, Germany Rao, C, A,. Rao, B, P Sivaramaakrishna, K,. (2009) Strategic management and business policy. Excel books, New Delhi, India Richter,T,.(2012) International marketing mix management: theoretical framework, contingency factors and empirical findings from world-markets. Logos Verlag, Berlin Saccer,I,M,. Malis, S, S Pavic, I,. (2016) The impact of accounting estimates on financial position and business performance- case of non-current intangible and tangible assets, 3rd Global conference on business economics, management and tourism 39 The wall street journal,. (2017) Wesfarmers Ltd. ADR. Retrieved on 4th March, 2017 from https://quotes.wsj.com/WFAFY/company-people/executive-profile/115666 Tracy, A. (2012). Ratio Analysis Fundamentals, Ratio analysis. Net Wesfarmers,. (n.d.) Who we are, Wesfarmers- a diversified corporation. Retrieved on 4th March, 2017 from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/who-we-are/who-we-are Wesfarmers.(2016) Financial Reporting 2016. Retrieved from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/reports/2016-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=4